Framing effect is a cognitive ... free essay sample

Framing effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual respond to the same choice differently depending on how it is framed. Options can be framed either in a negative or positive way resulting in different choices for the same decision. There are three different ways of framing: attribute framing (a single attribute of an object is described in an equally positive or negative way), risky choice framing (choices are presented in terms of gain or loss) and goal framing (emphasizing on either the advantages or disadvantage of doing an activity). It has been observed that an individual usually opts for the risky option when presented with negatively framed choices and for the safe option when presented with positively framed choices. Framing effect as a significant role in how decision makers perceive given information and how they make judgements and decisions on it.The Expected Utility Theory states that an individual is most likely to rationally choose an option with the highest expected utility. We will write a custom essay sample on Framing effect is a cognitive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It evaluates choices precisely with their respective outcomes and probability. Expected Utility is defined as the expected utility value of one of several options found by calculating the sum of all the outcomes each multiplies by its probability. This theory states that a decision maker when choosing under uncertainty with risky options will compare their expected utility values and choose the option with the highest expected utility. There are four axioms that make a rational decision maker: Transitivity (All choices regarding a decision should be ranked according to preference), Continuity (among all different choices an individual prefers only one, showing consistency), Completeness (assuming an individual has a well-defined choice between all the options) and Independence (the preference of a choice between two is not changed even when a third choice is added). In the expected utility theory, an individual is assumed to choose the option with the highest utility that is the highest probability. It has been observed that this principle has been violated at many times, due to the certainty effect labelled by Kahneman and Tversky. According to the certainty effect an individual overweighs the possible outcomes which are sur e or certain and have no risk. The preference of a sure outcome is known as risk aversion and the preference of a risky option or gamble is known as risk seeking. The Prospect Theory – An Analysis of Decision Under Risk, introduced by Kahnman and Tversky critiques the expected utility theory. It states that people tend to be risk averse in a domain of gain or positive frame and risk seeking in a domain of losses or neagtvie frame. People make decisions and judgements depending on how they understand and perceive information. The Prospect theory also considers the two phases in decision making: framing or editing phase and the evaluation phase. The framing phase leads to the representation of the information, act and the outcomes of the particular choice problem. The reason to do the framing phase is to simplify the evaluation of the choices for the decision maker. A decision maker is less likely to second guess any of the options and tend to accept the framed options given to her. The evaluation process refers to the decision of choosing among options. The Prospect theory also deals with loss aversion. People find it hard to adjust to losses and therefore the impact of losses is much more than any gain. So, when given options both presented in both ways, having the same result, an individual will choose the option with perceived gains. The probability of gains is perceived greater than that of the probability of losses. Unlike the Expected Utility Theory, in the Prospect theory outcomes are defined as gain or loss rather than final assets; also probabilities are replaced by outcome weight.The risk sensitivity theory suggests that an individual in a situation of need would opt for the high risk option, as the lower risk option would not satisfy the need. In such a case, if a risky option fulfils the needs of a decision maker then they would choose it regardless of the positive or negative frame. Research has indicated that a person in a situation of high need when presented with a negatively framed options is motivated to opt for the higher risky choice. In such situations an individual is looking to fulfils its need rather than maximise his/her chances of a certain outcome.The Asian Disease Problem experiment conducted by Tversky and Kahneman in 1981 is one of the best known risky choice framing problem. The subjects were given a scenario where they had to pick between programs which provided a cure to the Asian disease expected to kill 600 people. The subjects were divided into two groups – one group was given a positive frame and the other a negative frame. All the programs had an equivalent outcome. It was found that the subjects presented with the positive frame chose the sure option and the subjects presented with the negative frame chose the gamble. Thus, proving the point that in a negative frame decision makers are more likely to be risk seeking and in a positive frame risk averse. My study shall focus on the concept of how framing effect influences decision making under risk; a positive frame leads to a risk averse decision and a negative frame leads to a risk seeking decision. The aim of my study is to understand the framing effects on decision making.EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS: The framing (positive and negative) of a given decision with equivalent outcomes will result in framing effect.NULL HYPOTHESIS: The framing (positive and negative) of a given decision with equivalent outcomes will result in framing effect.

The Case for Euthanasia Should PhysicianAssisted Suicide be Legalized essays

The Case for Euthanasia Should PhysicianAssisted Suicide be Legalized essays The Case for Euthanasia: Should Physician-Assisted Suicide be Legalized? Throughout the twentieth century, major scientific and medical advances have greatly enhanced the life expectancy of the average person. However, there are many instances where doctors can preserve life artificially. In these cases where the patient suffers from a terminal disease or remains in a "persistent vegetative state" or PVS from which they cannot voice their wishes for continuation or termination of life, the question becomes whether or not the patient has the freedom to choose whether or not to prolong their life even though it may consist of pain and suffering. In answer to this question, proponents of physician-assisted suicide, most notably, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, are of the opinion that not only should patients be able to abstain from treatment, but if they have a terminal and/or extremely painful condition, they should be able to seek out the assistance of a doctor in order to expedite their death with as little pain as possible. Contained herein are the arguments for and against the legalization of doctor-assisted suicide, as well as where the state courts stand in respect to this most delicate of issues. In the hopes of clarification, we must first distinguish between active and passive euthanasia. Passive euthanasia involves the patient's refusal of medical assistance. It involves the right to die which is protected by the United States Constitution clauses of due process liberty and the right to privacy (Fourteenth Amendment). The right to doctor-assisted suicide, or active euthanasia, consists of, "...a patient's right to authorize a physician to perform an act that intentionally results in the patient's death, without the physician's being held civilly or criminally liable for having caused the death" . The "passive" form of euthanasia was first deemed legal by the New Jersey State Supreme Court in 1976 In re Quinlan . ...

Thomas Cook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Thomas Cook - Essay Example Thomas Cook Some of the important models such as McKinsey model along with the Pest analysis, SWOT and other models have been used to analyse the organisation. The main aim was to analysis the external and internal environment affecting the organisation. The leadership style along with the leadership style has been talked about and it can been seen that Thomas Cook has one of the cost effective organisational structure and follows a flexible business model so that it can be altered as and when needed. Finally the paper ends with recommendation and conclusion which states that the company should work according to the demand of the customers in order to stay competitive and maintain its number one position. The main aim of the report is to conduct an effective internal and external environmental analysis of Thomas Cook based on separate models. The analysis would help one understand the key competencies of the firm and also the areas where development is needed. Recommendations are also to be provided in due course to enhance the position. Thomas Cook, one of the largest companies in the field of leisure and travel is observed to operate along a large geographical segment pertaining to 22 countries round the world. The company has emerged out to be a key market leader in the leisure and travel category. Thomas Cook, during the financial year of 2011-12 earned total sales revenue emanating to  £9.8 billion from a total customer base of 23.6 million people around the globe (Thomas Group Plc, 2012). Company Structure Thomas Cook operates based on a decentralised structure where the board of directors are responsible for delegation of tasks and duties to subsequent committees and other sub-boards. The structure operates along a top-down or vertical integration fashion in the company (Thomas Cook, 2010, p.53). Main Activities Thomas Cook Plc works along several segments to render value-added services to the customers. The first or the core product segment contains of packaged tourism services where both flights and hotel services are grouped under one bundle and rendered to the customer. The second segment consists of independent packages that help in rendering consumers a larger flexibility in choosing the travel destinations, duration of tour and other value additions. The third product segment focuses on rendering financial support to the travellers in terms of foreign exchange or money transfers and also in tour assurance services. Fourthly the group also operates via retail houses that help in distributing tour packages and offers to the consumers. Finally the group also

Phase 1 Discussion Board 2 Posting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phase 1 Discussion Board 2 Posting - Assignment Example However, it should be noted that it basically depends upon the situation and in some cases, it is quite important for experts to take up the role of project management. Project management is usually a wide area involving a wide array of things. In the process of developing a new technology or implementing a highly technical process in an organization, it is imperative that the whole process is conducted by a person who has technical knowledge in the workings of such technology. The present world is very dynamic and new technology comes by the day. In this case, it normally takes much time before people get acquainted with such technology. It is therefore important for the project manager to be an expert in the field so as to offer the necessary instruction or guidance on how the whole field should be handled. In a highly technical working environment like NASA, it is almost impossible to have a project manager who is not an expert in the project. This is because there is a high degree of technical excellence required and there is no room for any mistakes. As such, a project manager in such a case is required to have knowledge on the technology in use (Wysocki, 2010). It has always been seen that in situations where project manager do not have expert knowledge on the subject matter, challenges often arise. For instance, a layman in medical equipment might not really realize that such equipment require a lot of maintenance which might be very expensive. In that case, some of the advice directed to the project manager might be ignored since the manager does not clearly understand the weight of the whole issue. Having a project manager who has knowledge on the subject matter is very important as it greatly saves time and cost of executing roles. This is because the manager already understands much of the operations and does not really need to study the process much. On the contrary, a lay project

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Study skills - Essay Example We often taking reading for granted, without paying heed to its benefits. Amongst the fundamental benefit of reading to a student is that it helps develop the concentration skills of the reader, which in turn, leads to higher levels of attention and concentration while learning. Reading helps an individual to focus; to put aside all other thoughts and focus one’s attention on what is being conveyed by the author through the text. To add to it, reading develops the much needed comprehension skills of a student which help him/her for life (Krashen, 2004). Comprehension skills are quintessential to solving case studies, problems and other reading material. Most students score a low mark in their exams simply because they don’t read the question/rubric properly (Krashen, 2004). Most have the habit of skimming through the instructions, without paying heed to key words that should not be missed. As a result, their answer to the question is often unrelated or lacks the points required by the examiner (Krashen, 2004). This is what constitutes the problem of poor comprehension skills. By developing the habit of reading, one is able to increase one’s attention span and develop one’s ability to understand what is being conveyed by the author both literally and figuratively. Hence, reading enables students to read between the lines or develop the skills of mind application by correctly perceiving the author’s hidden message in the reading material (Rasinski, 2003). This is a crucial skill in today’s world as the world today thrives on successful interpretation of knowledge which in turn helps enhance knowledge outcomes in an information driven world. Besides, reading is a fundamental need in today’s knowledge driven world; a person who cannot read effectively cannot speak effectively as reading is quintessential to effective speech (Gallagher, 2004). Thus, reading broadens

History Of Social Services In England Social Work Essay

History Of Social Services In England Social Work Essay In 1992 the Department of Health (DH) and the then, Social Services Inspectorate, in England, published the findings of a survey of two social services Departments in relation to abuse. This publication found there to be a lack of assessments in large numbers of elder abuse cases and little evidence of inter-agency cooperation. The report recommended guidelines to assist social services in their work with older people (DH/SSI 1992). During the 1990s concerns had been raised throughout the UK regarding the abuse of vulnerable adults. The social services inspectorate published Confronting elder abuse (SSI 1992) and following this, practice guidelines No longer afraid (SSI 1993). No longer afraid provided practice guidelines for responding to, what was acknowledged at that time, as elder abuse. It was aimed at professionals in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and emphasised clear expectations that policies should be multi-agency and also include ownership and operational responsibilities (Bennett et al 1997). This guidance was issued under section 7 of the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970 and gives local authority Social Service departments a co-ordinating role in the development and implementation of local vulnerable adult policies and procedures. In 2000, the department of Health published the guidance No Secrets. The purpose of No Secrets was aimed primarily at local authority social services departments, but also gave the local authority the lead in co-ordinating other agencies i.e. police, NHS, housing providers (DOH 2000). The guidance does not have the full force of statute, but should be complied with unless local circumstances indicate exceptional reasons which justify a variation (No Secrets, 2000) The aim of No Secrets was to provide a coherent framework for all responsible organisations to devise a clear policy for the protection of vulnerable adults at risk of abuse and to provide appropriate responses to concerns, anxieties and complaints of abuse /neglect (DOH 2000). Scotland Historical In December 2001, the Scottish Executive published Vulnerable Adults: Consultation Paper (2001 consultation) (Scottish Executive, 2001). This sought views on the extension of the vulnerable adults provisions to groups other than persons with mental disorder and the possible introduction of provisions to exclude persons living with a vulnerable adult, where the adults health is at risk. A joint inquiry was conducted by the Social Work Services Inspectorate and the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland. Both of these agencies were linked with the central government of Scotland who had responsibility for the oversight of social work services and care and treatment for persons with mental health problems. In the report by the Scottish Executive (2004), a case of a woman who was admitted to a general hospital with multiple injuries from physical and sexual assault and who had a learning disability became the focus for change for Scotland in terms of adults who have been abused. The police investigation identified a catalogue of abuse and assaults ranging back weeks and possibly longer. In June 2003 the Minister for Education and Young People, Peter Peacock MSP, asked the Social Work Services Inspectorate (SWSI) to carry out an inspection of the social work services provided to people with learning disabilities by Scottish Borders Council. At the same time, the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland (MWC) also undertook an inquiry into the involvement of health services, though worked closely with SWSI during its inquiry. The two bodies produced separate reports, but also published a joint statement (MWC and SWSI, 2004), which summarised their findings and stated their recommendations. The findings included: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a failure to investigate appropriately very serious allegations of abuse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a lack of information-sharing and co-ordination within and between key agencies (social work, health, education, housing, police) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a lack of risk assessment and failure to consider allegations of sexual abuse a lack of understanding of the legislative framework for intervention and its capacity to provide protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a failure to consider statutory intervention at appropriate stages The Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 (ASPA) is a result of the events that were known as the Scottish Borders Enquiry. Following the various police investigations, it was identified that there were historical links between the client and the offenders who were later prosecuted in terms of statements held by social services department detailing the offenders behaviour towards the woman and that this information was held on file. The Scottish Executive (2004) described the case as extremely disturbing but even more shocking to many that so many concerns about this woman had been made known and not acted on. As a consequence, 42 recommendations from the inquiry were made and there was a specific recommendation which was taken to the Scottish Executive and involved the provision of comprehensive adult protection legislation as a matter of urgency as there had been concerns raised from political groups and high profile enquiries to provide statute for the protection of adults at risk of abuse in Scotland (Mackay 2008). The Scottish framework links with three pieces of legislation. In 2000, the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act [AWISA 2000] was passed and focused on protecting those without capacity with financial and welfare interventions for those unable to make a decisions. Second, the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act (2003) [MHSA (2003)] modernised the way in which care and treatment could be delivered both in hospital and the community and improved patients rights. Finally, the Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act (2007) [ASPSA (2007)] widened the range of community care service user groups who could be subject to assessment, and mainly short-term intervention, if they were deemed to be adults at risk of harm. Mackay (2008) argues that the Scottish arrangements both mirror and differ from those of England and Wales. She maps out the intervention powers for adults at risk of harm into a type of hierarchical structure known as a pyramid of intervention which aims to reflect the framework of the various pieces of Scottish legislation and goes onto say that the principle underlying all of the legislation is minimum intervention to achieve the desired outcome. Critique of definitions. In England, the No Secrets (2000) guidance defines a vulnerable adult as a person aged 18 or over and who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness; and who is or may be unable to take care of him or herself, or unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation (DOH 2000 Section 2.3) The groups of adults targeted by No Secrets were those who is or may be eligible for community care services. And within that group, those who were unable to protect themselves from significant harm were referred to as vulnerable adults. Whilst the phrase vulnerable adults names the high prevalence of abuse experienced by the group, there is a recognition that this definition is contentious. ADSS (2005). The definition of a vulnerable adult referred to in the 1997 consultation paper Who Decides issued by the Lord Chancellors Department is a person: who is, or may be in need of Community Care Services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness: and who Is, or may be unable to take care of him or herself, or unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation (Law Commission Report 231, 1995) There are however broader definitions of vulnerability which are used in different guidance and in the more recent Crime and Disorder Act (1998) it refers to vulnerable sections of the community and embraces ethnic minority communities and people rendered vulnerable by social exclusion and poverty rather than service led definitions. There is concern, however, that the current England framework is more restricted than it should be, and that the problem is one of definition. The House of Commons Health Committee, says that No secrets should not be confined to people requiring community care services, and that it should also apply to old people living in their own homes without professional support and anyone who can take care of themselves (House of Commons Health Committee, 2007). Even within the ADASS National Framework (2005) it has been argued that vulnerability seems to locate the cause of abuse with the victim, rather than placing responsibility with the acts or omissions of others (ADASS, 2005) The Law Commission speaks favourably of the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006, which, it says, understands vulnerability purely through the situation an adult is placed [in] (Law Commission, 2008). It is now becoming questionable whether the term vulnerable be replaced with the term at risk. If we were to look at the current legislation in England surrounding the investigations of abuse to adults, there are none, however there are underpinning pieces of legislation which whilst not in its entirety focus specifically on the adult abuse remit, but can be drawn upon to protect those most vulnerable. There are many duties underpinning investigations of adult abuse, but no specific legislation. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990, section 47 assessments can be implemented in order to consider an adults need for services and can therefore consider any risk factors present at the time of the assessment. From this, assessment and commissioned services can support people who have been abused or can prevent abuse from occurring. The National Assistance Act (1948) deals with the welfare of people with disabilities and states that the: local authority shall make arrangements for promoting the welfare of person whosuffers from a mental disorderwho are substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury or congenital deformity or other disabilities and gives power to provide services arising out of an investigation out of the NHS Community care Act 1990. (Mantell 2009). The Fair Access to Care Services 2003 (FACS) recognises that community care services will be a vital aspect of adult protection work (Spencer- Lane, 2010). Interestingly the eligibility criteria that superseded Fair Access to Care from April 2010 (Prioritising Need in the context of Putting People First: A whole systems approach to eligibility for Social Care), continues to place adults who are experiencing, or at risk of experiencing abuse or neglect, in Critical and substantial needs criteria banding, as FACS did. Another definition of a vulnerable adult is cited within The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006), (SVG Act 2006), and defines a vulnerable adult as: A person is a vulnerable adult if he has attained the age of 18 and: (a)he is in residential accommodation, (b)he is in sheltered housing, (c)he receives domiciliary care, (d)he receives any form of health care, (e)he is detained in lawful custody, (f)he is by virtue of an order of a court under supervision by a person exercising functions for the purposes of Part 1 of the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (c. 43), (g)he receives a welfare service of a prescribed description, (h)he receives any service or participates in any activity provided specifically for persons who fall within subsection (9), (i)payments are made to him (or to another on his behalf) in pursuance of arrangements under section 57 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001 (c. 15), or (j)he requires assistance in the conduct of his own affairs. This particular act appears to take an alternative approach to the term vulnerability. It refers to places where a person is placed and is situational. (Law Commission, 2008). Following the consultation of No Secrets, one of the key findings of the consultation was the role that the National Health Service played in relation to Safeguarding Vulnerable adults and their systems. The Department of Health produced a document titled Clinical Governance and Adult Safeguarding- An Integrated Process (DOH 2010). The aim of the guidance is to encourage organisations to develop processes and systems which focused on complaints, healthcare incidents and how these aspects fall within the remit of Safeguarding processes and to empower reporting of such as it identified that clinical governance systems did not formally recognise the need to work in collaboration with Local Authorities when concerns arise during healthcare delivery. The definition of who is vulnerable in this NHS guidance, refers to the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) and states that any adult receiving any form of healthcare is vulnerable and that there is no formal definition of vulnerability within health care but those receiving healthcare may be at greater risk from harm than others (DOH 2010). In the Care Standards Act 2000 it describes a Vulnerable adult as: (a) an adult to whom accommodation and nursing or personal care are provided in a care home; (b) an adult to whom personal care is provided in their own home under arrangements made by a domiciliary care agency; or (c) an adult to whom prescribed services are provided by an independent hospital, independent clinic, independent medical agency or National Health Service body. Similar to the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act, the Care Standards Act 2000 classifies the term vulnerable adult as situational and circumstantial rather than specific and relevant to a persons individual circumstance. Spencer-Lane (2010) says that these definitions of vulnerability in England have been the subject of increasing criticism. He states that the location of the cause of the abuse rests with the victim rather than the acts of others; that vulnerability is an inherent characteristic of the person and that no recognition is given that it might be contextual, by setting or place that makes the person vulnerable. Interestingly Spencer -Lane (2010) prefers the concept of adults at risk. He goes on to suggest a new definition that adults at risk are based on two approaches as the Law Commission feel that the term vulnerable adults should be replaced by adults at risk to reflect these two concerns: To reflect the persons social care needs rather than the receipt of services or a particular diagnosis What the person is at risk from whether or not the term significant harm should be used but would include ill treatment or the impairment of health or development or unlawful conduct which would include financial abuse Spencer-Lane (2010) also argues that with the two approaches above, concerns remain regarding the term significant harm as he feels the threshold for this type of risk is too high and whether the term in its entirety at risk of harm be used whilst encompassing the following examples: ill treatment; impairment of health or development; unlawful conduct. Unlike in Scotland, there are no specific statutory provisions for adult protection; the legal framework is provided through a combination of the common law, local authority guidance and general statute law (Spencer-Lane 2010). Whereby in England the term vulnerable adult is used, in Scotland the term in the Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 uses the term adults at risk. This term was derived by the Scottish Executive following their 2005 consultation were respondents criticised the word vulnerable as they believed it focussed on a person disability rather than their abilities, hence the Scottish executive adopted the term at risk (Payne, 2006). Martin (2007) questions the definition of vulnerability and highlights how the vulnerability focus in England leaves the deficit with the adult, as opposed to their environment. She uses the parallel argument to that idea of disabling environments, rather than the disabled person, within the social model of disability. She goes on to comment that processes within society can create vulnerability. People, referred to as vulnerable adults, may well be in need of community care services to enjoy independence, but what makes people vulnerable is that way in which they are treated by society and those who support them. It could be argues that vulnerability and defining a person as vulnerable could be construed as being oppressive. This act states that an adult at risk is unable to safeguard their own well-being, property, rights or other interests; at risk of harm and more vulnerable because they have a disability, mental disorder, illness or physical or mental infirmity. It also details that the act applies to those over 16 years of age, where in England the term vulnerable adult is defined for those over the age of 18 and for the requirement under the statute is that all of the three elements are met for a person to be deemed at risk. ADASS too supports the use of risk as the basis of adult protection, although its definition differs from the one used in Scotland. It states that an adult at risk is one who is or may be eligible for community care services and whose independence and wellbeing are at risk due to abuse or neglect (ADASS, 2005) The ASPSA (2007) act The Scottish Code of Practice states that no category of harm is excluded simply because it is not explicitly listed. In general terms, behaviours that constitute harm to others can be physical (including neglect), emotional, financial, sexual or a combination of these. Also, what constitutes serious harm will be different for different persons. (Scottish Government, 2008a p13). In defining what constitutes significant harm, No Secrets (2000) uses the definition of significant harm in who decides? No Secrets defines significant harm as:- harm should be taken to include not only ill treatment (including sexual abuse and forms of ill treatment which are not physical), but also the impairment of, or an unavoidable deterioration in, physical or mental health; and the impairment of physical, intellectual, emotional, social or behavioural developments (No Secrets, 2000. The ASPA (2007) act also goes onto detail that any intervention in an individuals affairs should provide benefit to the individual, and should be the least restrictive option of those that are available thus providing a safety net on the principles of the act (ASPA, 2007). The Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 says: harm includes all harmful conduct and, in particular, includes: conduct which causes physical harm; conduct which causes psychological harm (e.g. by causing fear, alarm or distress) unlawful conduct which appropriates or adversely affects property, rights or interests (e.g. theft, fraud, embezzlement or extortion) conduct which causes self-harm N.B conduct includes neglect and other failures to act, which includes actions which are not planned or deliberate, but have harmful consequences Interestingly the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (section 44) introduced a new criminal offence of ill treatment and wilful neglect of a person who lacks capacity to make a relevant decision. It does not matter whether the behaviour toward the person was likely to cause or actually caused harm or damage to the victims health. Although the Mental Capacity Act mainly relates to adults 16 and over, Section 44 can apply to all age groups including children (Code of Practice Mental Capacity Act 2005). The Association of Directors of Social Services (ADSS) published a National Framework of Standards to attempt to reduce variation across the country (ADSS 2005). In this document the ADSS 2005 updated this definition above to :- every adult who is or may be eligible for community care services, facing a risk to their independence (ADSS 2005 para 1.14). England and Scotland differences with policy/legislation Definition of vulnerability Three part definition to definition of at risk of harm Harm might be caused by another person or the person may be causing the harm themselves no category of harm is excluded simply because it is not explicitly listed. In general terms, behaviours that constitute harm to others can be physical (including neglect), emotional, financial, sexual, or a combination of these. Also, what constitutes serious harm will be different for different persons. Code of Practice, Scottish Government (2008) Defining vulnerable: adult safeguarding in England and Wales Greater level of contestation in defining VA in adults than children. Doucuments in wales and England are very similar. In safe hands document is greater but both are issued under the provision of section 7. Whilst they are guidance, there is a statutory footing behind them. No Secrets (DH2000) defines vulnerable in a particular way: Is a person who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness; and who is or may be unable to take care of him or herself, or unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation. No Secrets paragraph 2.3 Lord Chancellors Department, Who Decides (1995) The ASP Act introduces new adult protection duties and powers, including: Councils duty to inquire and investigate Duty to co-operate Duty to consider support services such as independent advocacy Other duties and powers visits, interviews, examinations Protection Orders: assessment, removal, banning and temporary banning Warrants for Entry, Powers of Arrest and Offences Duty to establish Adult Protection Committees across Scotland Harm includes all harmful conduct and, in particular, includes: a) conduct which causes physical harm; b) conduct which causes psychological harm (for example: by causing fear, alarm or distress); c) unlawful conduct which appropriates or adversely affects property, rights or interests (for example: theft, fraud; embezzlement or extortion); and d) conduct which causes self-harm. An adult is at risk of harm if: another persons conduct is causing (or is likely to cause) the adult to be harmed, or the adult is engaging (or is likely to engage) in conduct which causes (or is likely to cause) self-harm N.B conduct includes neglect and other failures to act (Section 53)

Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution :: Natural Selection, Evolution Essays

In The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin poetically entailed, "There is grandeur in this view of life . . .." Personifying Nature as the ultimate breeder, Darwin infers and hypothesizes what is arguably the most fundamental and profound scientific manifesto that governs what we now know about modern science and the science of discovering our past. His two theories of Natural Selection and Sexual Selection effectively bridge the gap that his predecessors could not. These concepts are imperative as their implications paved the way for Darwin's explanation of Evolution. The term "Survival of the Fittest" has been made synonymous with Darwinian ideology, yet to fully understand this idea we need to know what it truly means to be "fit." As discussed in class, being fit does not necessarily imply fitness on a physical or mental level. Rather, the principle entails how well-suited one is for its environment or a readiness for a species to adapt, whether to a new habitat or possibly changes in food, shelter, climate, etc. Through small, almost unnoticable change, over large periods of time, organisms develop physiological and/or anatomical features that invariably help the organism live or live easier. It is important to note that this does not infer that the process of adaptation takes place for the mere purpose of only "bettering" a species or self-improvement, rather modifications are a supplemental benefit. Darwin stated that, "if they be in any degree profitable to the individuals of a species, in their indefinitely complex relations to the organic beings and to their physical conditions of life, will tend to the preservation of such individuals . . .." In some cases this modification can be a detriment to a species. Take for example a species of like-moths in England preceding and during the Industrial Revolution. Before the manufacture of goods in large quantities, two types of moths, white and gray would rest on the bark of trees where birds would prey upon the m. The barks of trees were mainly white, which helped the white moths immensely in that they were camouflaged from their predators. Conversely, the gray moths were clearly noticeable and were thus preyed upon heavily. With the advent of machinery, dust and smoke turned the barks of trees from white to gray, which shifted the predatorial tendencies from gray moths to white. Thus we are able to infer that while the adaptation of color was beneficial to a group of species for a certain extent of time, it does not guarantee that Mother Nature will not shift her favor at some other point in time.

Critique a Oral Presentation

Research the average salary range for the position, keeping in mind: * The company and Its culture (use annual reports, Web sites, reference materials available at libraries such as â€Å"Business Directory†) * The geographic location Your own market value (years of experience, education) * Assess your personal criteria * What are your â€Å"must haves†? * What are your â€Å"would like to haves†? * What are your â€Å"can live without†? Poise: This is the ability to remain calm and confident in uncomfortable situations.You will demonstrate poise if you: * Do not reveal your salary requirements too early * Convey confidence (remember, you would not have gotten the Interview If they didn't think you could do the Job! ) ; Show enthusiasm Stay positive * Take your time when an offer is made (ask for time to think about it) Professionalism: The way you negotiate is an example of the behavior the employer will expect to see on the Job. Things to keep in mind: * understand the dynamics of the situation (for instance, you may negotiate differently if you have been in Job search a long time vs..If you have several offers to consider) * Remain positive – you and the employer share a common goal getting you to feel good about joining the company * Be confident – companies expect negotiation * Ask questions – hearing how they arrived at their offer may give you clues about alternatives * Detach from the outcome – it will help you relax AND you won't alienate your future boss * Focus on the value of the total package * Look for different ways to achieve your objectives Know when to quit What to do if the company requests your salary requirements or salary history: * If job announcements request that you provide salary requirements in your cover letter, research what similar positions pay in that geographic location. Respond by giving a broad range, perhaps 10% above what you think it should be. (For a $39,000 position , you could say: â€Å"Your ad requested salary requirements. Given my education Ana experience, Dates on my research I expect to De considering something In ten $40,000 to $50,000 range.Research the company before you negotiate. 4. Be enthusiastic and professional during negotiations. . Never stop selling yourself. (Keep telling the company how you will benefit them throughout the negotiation process. ) 6. Ask for a few perks you can do without. (This gives you bargaining room. ) 7. Be willing to walk away. (You II be more confident, and you may receive higher compensation. ) 8. Don't say yes to an offer right away. (Be enthusiastic and appreciative when receiving the offer, but ask for at least 24 hours to respond. This gives you time to get over your initial elation at being selected and to determine if the Job is the best one for you. )

School Is A Place To Learn -Education Essay

School Is A Place To Learn -Education Essay Free Online Research Papers School Is A Place To Learn -Education Essay School is a place for us to learn knowledge and skills. Therefore, the environment will effect our learning a lot. AT last term, there is a new construction on our new hall. If that new school hall is constructed, it will effect our school environment a lot because of the ground shaking during the construction and limited school ground when construction si in place. Ground shaking of construction effect our school environment a lot because the noise makes us can’t concentrate on the work. The noise also makes the teacher very hard to teach because they have to shout over the noise in order for student to listen clearly. For example, you are writing when the whole building is shaking. Not only has this will making your writing go suddenly out of shape. The stationary will also fall on the ground. I think the school should do the digging of the old hall concrete after school time. In that case, fewer students will be affected. The second reason why the construction of the new hall affect school environment is because of the limited space during construction because student is not allow to get into construction zone. This lowers the useful ground of our school and also makes our whole school suddenly run out of space. The limited space in school will bring a lot of trouble to teachers because they wouldn’t be able to use the front parking any more. Student of music also have to go through a â€Å"hole† in the fence in order to reach. This also take long to walk and very dangerous for student to walk into construction zone. I think the construction should be more faxable by making more â€Å"holes† and also should make a place for teachers to park. In this case, this will safe a lot of time during class so the student will a have a chance to learn more In conclusion, I think the construction of the new school hall affect the school environment because there is huge ground shaking when they are taking out the concrete and limited space while constructing bring trouble to student. However it is always good to have a new hall that can put all the student form f.3 to f.7 in. It is also good to have a new hall because the old hall is old and sometimes the microphone in there doesn’t work well Research Papers on School Is A Place To Learn -Education EssayStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaThe Hockey GameHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment

Dress For Sucess

Dress For Sucess Clothing is important on how others perceive us. It affects our views on our confidence and ourselves. In any business setting the most important garment for both men and women is the suit. Wearing a suit immediately conveys authority, credibility, and likeability qualities that are critical in business interactions. Different positions, companies, and different parts of the world have different dress codes. Keep in mind the importance of wearing conservative close to the office that's clean and well tailored. Throughout this speech, I will inform everyone on the correct way to dress for business.Men should wear suits that are solid colors like black, gray, or blue. Men can also wear pinstriped suits. The preferred material of the suit it wool, or polyester that looks like wool. The darker the suit, the more authority it carries.Mens shirts are also important. Shirts should be white, pale blue, or have modest strips.A man wearing a chalk-striped suitTo avoid a certain gangster look m en should avoid wearing darker shirts than their suits. This means no black shirts with black or gray suits.Men also have to wear a tie. For ties, discreet stripes, polka dots, and club ties are all right; they should never vary from the basic colors. And ties should be appropriate lengths, not to short or to long. The best length is just below the bottom of the belt buckle. The most important piece of clothing for a mens suit is a tie. But absolutely the best tie you can afford preferably silk. Another thing to keep in mind is appropriate shoes. Leather shoes are preferred. Make sure that you keep your shoes clean and scuff free. Women have to dress very conservatively for the office. This consists of a suit that has a skirt and a jacket. Pants are still too casual...

Review of Accounting Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Accounting Ethics - Assignment Example Other reasons behind such accounting ethical breaches are the avoidance of taxes, prevention from a legal or regulatory consequence, approving the loans from the financial institutions, etc. (Weil, 2012) The importance of accounting ethical breaches is highlighted more especially in the events when the public money is involved in the financing of the organizations. Such organizations which are keen enough to attract the external financing through representation of general-public are willing to portray their desired financial results to the upcoming investors of the organization. By such ready-made results, these organizations tend to mislead the investors so that their shares can be fully subscribed and the company can raise their required amount of money in the first stance. Besides the accounting standards, there are some code of ethics have been issued by the regulators to assist the companies in making their financial statements more ethical. ... Groupon Inc. went to general-public for raising external financing through issuance of shares to the common investors. The share price of the company surged from $20 to $31 on the first trading day of the shares of the company. The underwriters of the company like Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan Chase, Credit Suisse, Goldman Sachs and others millions of dollars in creating a hype for this stock in the form of underwriting fee. With conservative estimations, it is believed that those investors who bought the shares of Groupon Inc. have lost some $9 billion in total since November 4, 2011, the first trading day of the Groupon Inc.’s stock. The share price of the company fell to around $13 from a high of $31 since its inception. However, the original backer of the company’s shares, Mason, Eric and others kept their holdings with them and did not sell any portion thereof. On account of such holdings that they kept with them of the stocks of Groupon Inc., they received an incentiv e named as â€Å"payday† which was a fat reward for such endeavor (Weil, 2012). Financial analysts and critics believe that it was mainly the fault of the management of the Groupon Inc. using such aggressive accounting to cause such debacle. The accounting treatment of the company was so aggressive that the Securities and Exchange Commission of US had to intervene in the financial matters of Groupon Inc. twice before the launch of its IPO. The accountants of the Groupon Inc. recognized the full revenues of the coupons that they sell to their merchants. The company booked all the revenues in this regard which heightened its earnings sharply just before the launch of the IPO. At that time, the analysts were

Rewarding Volunteers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Rewarding Volunteers - Essay Example The paper tells that in order to attract and motivate volunteers, organizations need to come up with effective volunteer management programs that will ensure those individuals are always motivated and at the same time they gain some skills while offering their services to the organization. A comprehensive training program needs to be established to ensure the quality of services that they offer is acceptable and at the same time add value to the volunteers to make them more knowledgeable in their line of specialization thus ensuring they become more attractive to employers in the job market. Understaffing at the online university can be traced to some reasons but the primary factor is the lack of strategic planning. It is prudent that prior to the implementation of the program it ought to have conducted a feasibility study to ascertain that it will meet all the requirements that will see the program running smoothly. Ideally, personnel is the most valuable resource in any organizatio n thus firms have to give it the priority during planning since without the workers who will be implementing the organizational objectives nothing meaningful will be accomplished. Thus, it is evident that poor strategic planning was the key issue that culminated to understaffing at the online university since it is prudent that if the organization did not have sufficient funds to implement the entire program it had to wait until the moment it had acquired all the necessary resources before deploying the program.