Y2K (1192 words) Essay Example For Students

Y2K (1192 words) Essay It is difficult to accept that two numbers can possibly turn the night before the 21st century from an overall gathering into an overall financial breakdown. PCs in many businesses will have the issue of seeing the year 2,000 for the year nineteen hundred. Y2K as certain individuals call will be an issue that we as a whole should confront. Y2K is basically a capacity issue that early developers neglected to tackle effectively. The date design that they put away in their projects is two digits for the month two digits for the afternoon and two digits for the year, this just permits 2 digits for the year 2000 which is 4 digits in length. Y2K is going to hit and hit hard. Huge partnerships are rushing around attempting to get this fixed so it won?t influence them. It is coming down to the finish of the wire. The issues Y2K will cause are possibly wrecking. On the off chance that the most dire outcome imaginable works out as expected, stores could be plundered and there will be no restoc king of racks. Conveyance trucks will have no gas because of fuel siphons being disconnected due to power blackouts. That?s regardless of whether the items can even make it in the trucks because of the organizations not in any event, having the option to deliver any products. The overall expense of Y2K could reach up to $600 billion dollars. Engrossing a decent lump of the universes accessible assets from a year ago up until the millenium. Fixing Y2K is vital, I never figured I would see the day Bill Gates didn?t have enough cash for something. In light of lawful proclamations, organizations should remember the expense of Y2K for their yearly articulations. Financial specialists or the individuals that depend on these organizations administrations should know that a portion of the year end proclamations and will be dark due to the expansion in spending. Most organizations have arranged for this bug yet perhaps past the point of no return. A few people are not even mindful of the iss ue. Some are in any event, excusing the issue all together. Associations in retail and utilities are withdrawn from the seriousness of the circumstance. Along these lines causing the bills we need to pay late by more than 100 years. I am appreciative that a few organizations like banks and wellbeing administrations are perceiving the issue and ought to become or as of now are Y2K agreeable. The securities exchange will drop I think yet not totally crash. In the event that everybody gets the entirety of their own cash out of the bank it will cause a deficiency of money on the lack previously brought about by the expense of Y2K. Abroad markets may see an issue at the millenium. Universal common assets or loads of numerous outside organizations are essentially uninvolved now in light of the fact that most remote organizations are still just mostly agreeable and it is way passed the final turning point. I know with regards to cash individuals will in general get stressed over its securi ty. That is the reason I accept that a surge of the banks will occur and I trust it will be recoverable in an opportune manner. A few people in the media are stating that everyone needs to get enough money to run on for at any rate a few months, yet that is gibberish. On the off chance that everyone would take only a little money, however not all that much then perhaps the banks won?t endure a terrible shot. On the off chance that everyone proceeds to get a thousand dollars out of the bank, again this could cause some cash deficiencies. The frenzy will cause the greater part of the issues in the U.S. Banking frameworks are especially delicate to this sort of frenzy. There are hundreds and thousands of hubs in banking systems. In the event that you Think about what number of individuals use Credit Cards and MAC machines and the likelihood that the product in any of these frameworks isn't working appropriately it can cause issues anyplace in the system. These issues could run from cas h not being kept or ducted from accounts appropriately, issues with premiums and speculation circumstances, or even a total accident of the system. Testing the answers for Y2K might be the most secure wagered we can make in these uncertain occasions. The most terrifying piece of the bug is that not one individual has assembled a positive forecast of what precisely can happen. Blended feelings and dread are going crazy since the New Year could bring a decay of our succeeding economy. Nonetheless, testing the arrangements is the best way to guarantee that business will stream easily into the 21st century. Private venture have a ton to stress over due to issues brought about via computerized transporting organizations that aren?t delivering items. These items might be kept down in light of the fact that they have termination dates and UPC#?s to be 99 years of age brought about by the millenium bug. Since no one can truly determine what will happen some business see an issue with thrivi ng into the following year. Some dread that if their is an issue with indispensable parts of their business they will be unable to get through. A few organizations would need to pay a great many dollars to fix their product. A few organizations don?t have the opportunity, cash or assets to manage Y2K issues. Indeed, even huge organizations have a problem that the main positive approach to get around Y2K is to get new machines. New machines are the best way to guarantee an away from of the Y2K bug. New machines are as of now perfect thus an organization can nearly set aside cash by getting new Computers. Most organizations can't supplant existing apparatus on account of the challenges of beginning without any preparation. This arrangement ought to be thought of if a company?s frameworks are too exorbitant to even think about fixing, or if there are not a lot of frameworks that should be fixed. To think about another monetary side of Y2K, I would think about joblessness. Joblessness s hould be tended to. A lot of organizations made exclusively to fix Y2K issues and sort through code will have an extreme issue looking for some kind of employment thinking about that their sole reason for business had came and passed. It would resemble a vehicle sales rep working for a business without any vehicles. The interest for the administrations these organizations give would be in a total crash. Most organizations can?t simply stress over themselves with this issue in light of the fact that such a significant number of organizations depend on one another to bring in cash. On the off chance that the administration would direct the exertion in fixing Y2K things might be simpler, however I likewise understand that they presumably have all that could possibly be needed of their own PCs to fix for what it's worth. Y2K and its financial effect have such a large number of various potential choices to give an unmistakable and strong expectation. In spite of the fact that the adminis tration is by all accounts extremely idealistic thinking about the conceivable outcomes. Regardless of the way that Alan Greenspan needed to address himself since his forecast was alarming for financial specialists. Unmistakably the possibility Y2K achieves the end times is uncommon yet I would anticipate some difficult time and small series of glitches. After all that I am certain we will all have a decent millenium .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe , .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .postImageUrl , .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe , .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe:hover , .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe:visited , .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe:active { border:0!important; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe:active , .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u489 6e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4896e6cd7c7592caba0288864eb454fe:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Christianity and HIV Essay We will compose a custom exposition on Y2K (1192 words) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now

The Art of Forgiveness free essay sample

I’ve frequently been trained that God moves in puzzling manners, and that He addresses us through a canvas of sky and a language of adoration. With adoration comes hardship, and after defeating these, the heart builds up another sort of solidarity. A few people have an extremely important occasion wherein they have a disclosure about this affection, and at last, about their character. My second went ahead the fifth day of a blustery December. Hesitantly, I ventured off the evening transport and into a thick environment. With easy, inciting ability, the breeze murmured a portion of my imperfections. Weakness. Self-centeredness. Melancholy tormented my psyche, and I did the main thing I had known to accomplish for as far back as five years. I withdrew to my room; my asylum, with an armful of oil pastels and an interminable beat of recollections. December first of 2001, my infant sibling was brought into the world under lethal conditions. We will compose a custom article test on The Art of Forgiveness or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Absence of oxygen rendered him inert for nine minutes. Revival end up being a wonder; anyway that didn't spare him from genuine heart and cerebrum injury. In the wake of seeing the wrinkled foreheads of a few clinical experts, my folks chose to reassess December fifth. I was in fourth grade around then, and had never recently encountered the demise of a relative. The appearance on my multi year old face probably been one of both doubt and unimaginable disarray. After the underlying stun, our family unit had sensibly capitulated to a condition of despondency. As my vision obfuscated with the dim woven artworks and umbrellas of the entombment, my hand reacted with the smear of charcoal on a clear canvas. Craftsmanship has consistently been a way of help and self articulation for me. In this example, my impartial utilization delineated the deadness I felt. What started as theoretical shapes and lines took an even turn. Before I knew it, I was making the examples and highlights of Jeremi ah’s flawlessly etched face. Inconspicuous developments for his long, infant eyelashes and delicate motions for his shrouded cheekbones incited a sensation I hadn’t felt since the memorial service. My representations woke up in a glint of creative mind. His infant look moved toward the craftsman, his arms came into view, and little hands connected off the paper to interface life and passing. I sat vulnerably on the edge of my bed with the idea of him attacking my faculties. I dismal silently at the hurt I had blocked out for such a long time; a similar hurt that was seeping out of my picture and recoloring my fingers hueless. My eyes meandered out the window to a graveyard right down the road. Jeremiah rested strides from my front entryway in a spot where flying creatures retained their melody. He had seen an assortment of genuine faces demonstrating regard in a carefully professional manner, yet what of his family? His sister sat serenely in a house on a slope, with n o worry for her past activities. I leaped out of my situation to fix what was broken. Alongside the circling storm overhead, a sickening inclination flowed in the pit of my stomach. I needed to run back inside and grasp the security I was acquainted with. Adamantly, my feet would not submit. My brain shouted at its insubordinate outside until I arrived at the iron access to the burial ground. Everything was still. In the general area of his little headstone, I started to check the names. Bread cook. Cooper. Yates. Stone and marble figures lingered above, keeping a close eye on me. Adams. Oaks. Whitehouse. Another whirlwind about took the breath out of me. Jones. Ellis†¦Johnson, it read. Jeremiah Johnson. December first, 2001, to December fifth, 2001. Spotless and fresh, the engraved letters explained a message from my mom. My Sweet Jeremiah. I sat eye-level to his commemoration stone, uncertain of what's in store from myself. The air went to an awkward stop. â€Å"Thought Iâ⠂¬â„¢d perceive how you’re doing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I bit my base lip in humiliation. How was I expected to address this circumstance reasonably? How might I arrive at my conclusion such that was unsurprising and formal? Every other person appeared to have aced this procedure, why couldn’t I? I attempted once more. â€Å"I’m sorry I missed your birthday†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My eyes spacey. I had such a large number of musings to communicate, and no words to state them with. I was at war inside myself; my heart for equity, my psyche for happiness. I shut my eyes and bit my tongue. It was then that I found a solution to my inquiry, and afterward that I started to discharge my affections just because. Simply let go. Ever fiber of my being responded to these three words all things considered. Long stretches of self clash detonated in a mixed up prattle, and I crumbled face-first into the earth. I shouted and spat until I needed to heave for air. I was sorry to Jeremiah for dec lining to acknowledge his demise. I was sorry to my loved ones for condemning the manners in which they had the option to adapt. I atoned for accusing God in a circumstance where I required Him the most. I gave up my body and soul, the two show-stoppers, and He invigorated me the I expected to lift myself off the ground. Anybody close enough to hear could reveal to it was an appearance long late. A few people may consider my goals that day a demonstration of mortification, yet I oppose this idea. I had breezed through an assessment of solidarity, and the breeze no longer had the power to murmur to me my blemishes. Remembering me as a commendable adversary, it cleared in a blessing on motivation. Water beads plunged from contending precipitation mists. I silently saw the exchange of craftsmanship from Heaven to Earth. That day, I discovered excellence in the specialty of absolution.

INTRODUCTION TO RICHNESS

In this article, we will explore 1) an introduction to richness, 2) the biggest surprises of getting rich, 3) Steve Jobs opinion on getting rich, and 4) a conclusion. INTRODUCTION TO RICHNESS Earning good bucks in a short span of time is a dream of everybody. Becoming rich seems like getting everything in hand. One significant reason behind hoarding huge bucks is to get the extravagances of life beside the everyday needs. Some people have a particular inspiration while others want to acquire wealth for a certain ambition in life. From owning a nice house and a luxurious car to having the most expensive trip and designer brands, every person is running to get the maximum treasure. However, there is no set standard of becoming rich. If we look at the developed countries, we can see that an average U.S working class individual is richer in comparison to other individuals of the unindustrialized countries. On the other hand, a poor person who can hardly fulfill his basic needs of life can automatically become rich by migrating to some other country where there is a huge currency difference. Thus, for some people, a high class Mercedes Benz shows richness while for others it i s just an elementary requirement of life. Earning billions of dollars looks like an end of glitches and concerns. However, if we cast our eyes on the other side of the picture we can see the reality shock that a rich man experiences. Yes, the only problem which gets fixed after becoming rich is the availability of money. Once you have accumulated a good amount of cash, you will start experiencing the shortcomings of becoming rich. These drawbacks are the biggest surprises which a rich man faces in his life. Thus, getting luxuries of life is not the end of sorrows; you will have to face new challenges in life. These encounters are not only limited to yourself but also have an impact on your personal and work life. Let us see these biggest surprises. THE BIGGEST SURPRISES OF GETTING RICH 1) This will change for yourself Feeling isolated One of the biggest surprises is that youll feel isolated. It means that a rich man is not considered to be eligible for complaining even about valid things. People will never have pity for a rich man because they think he has money, which can resolve all his problems. In short, people stop treating a rich man like a human being. Low motivational level to work Once a person has received his desired aim of earning a specific amount in life and buying some specific luxuries, he will lose the enthusiasm to work hard. Fortitude towards work comes with a reason. Since a rich man has already got his desired things, he will not be willing to work hard anymore. This thing affects his professional career and long term growth. Beside this, he also feels lethargic and dull since he is not motivated to work hard anymore. Life seems boring as there is no particular aim on which he can work and strive. For instance, you have been working hard since five years to buy your own home, drive your own deluxe car, give high quality education to your kids, build your company and so on. Now that you have got everything in life, you will not strive hard to earn more because there is no inspiration. No more ambitions and goals Since there is no motivation, life will become aimless. For a person to stay healthy and fit there should be a particular aim and goal in life. The latest BMW model, which seems to be a dream, is now possible to buy. Now you can afford becoming a brand conscious person and enjoy vacations in a five star restaurant. Many billionaires have also reported about losing their focus in academics. A middle class person has a particular aim to complete his studies so that he can get a handsome job. In contrary, a tycoon is neither interested in getting a white collar job nor in starting his own business because he already has enough money to fulfill his desires. Thus, there is no goal and no determination in life. Things will lose value in your eyes You have been dreaming to get the high class Mercedes since years. This car has kept you motivated to work hard. Now that you are driving it and recently heard about the new model, it will lose value in your eyes. Things that meant so much to you before will now become useless as you always want to buy the hottest models. You need new things to get excited Since your lifestyle has changed dramatically, an average thing cannot make you glad anymore. You will always look for the best of the bests. For others, having a house like yours is a dream but for you it is just an ordinary place. Thus, cheerful moments will hardly come in your life as novelties are coming with each passing day. Insecurity about being robbed You cannot travel like any other civilian of the society. Proper security is essential for you every time. Beside this, if you are planning to visit an ordinary shopping mall like an average individual of the society does, you have to abandon your plan. Yes, there will be limited places where you can go and have fun. Chances of being robbed will keep you in stress all the time. 2) Friends and Colleagues People will start getting interested in your luxuries rather than your companionship. A new colleague who is willing to be in your group, is a friend or foe, you can never tell. Most of the people are now interested in your money rather than you. You will start experiencing a change in behavior of people. Yes, you will be highly greeted in many parties and given special treatment. Now, you will get more birthday wishes than ever and some new friends will also come at your place to greet you. Sudden marriage proposal may make you feel different, but wait, figure out if the person is interested in being your life partner or in spending your money to fulfill the desires. 3) Immediate Family and Relatives “Everything is a piece of cake for a rich man”, this is what a general perception is. Without feeling any hesitation, people will ask for hefty loans with an expectation that you won’t ask to return it early. Since you have billions of dollars in your bank account, your disapproval for a loan will end in severe disappointment and sometimes may result in abhorrence and envy. On the other hand, people will start developing unrealistic expectations of you. If there is a birthday party, your gift was supposed to be the most expensive one. You can never think of giving treat to your relatives in an average class restaurant. Luxury and class comes into mind whenever people think of you and so are their expectations. Thus, people start expecting more from you and if their expectations are not satisfied they start thinking deleterious about you. Now, people are more interested in your presents than you and it is one of the reasons they invite you to their parties. Apart from it, relati ves want to show others that they have invited multi-millionaires to their parties and that is the reason of giving special treatment to you. In addition to this, another impact of being rich comes directly on your children. Your children will not know the real value of money. It is due to the reason that they have been brought up in a comfortable environment where meeting all the desires was simple. Whether they need cash to complete their studies or just to spend their vacations in an exclusive way, they have got everything with ease. Not only are the basic needs fulfilled, but also their luxuries needs. Since childhood they have seen high class and elite looks in every part of their life, thus they can never develop a feeling to earn money with struggle. Because of this, many individuals with rich backgrounds do not possess the same qualities for struggling as their parents. Children take things for granted and are unable to understand the struggle behind earning the basic bread and butter for life. 4) Scarcity The feeling of scarcity is always present in rich peoples life. They can never believe on the fact that less is more. A poor man gets happy with the basic amenities of life; however, a rich person always has lust to get more and more luxuries. Thus, it is difficult to satisfy a rich man in comparison to a poor one. Apart from it, it is difficult to make a rich happy. An average class gift, a treat in a low level restaurant or anything below his class is unable to make him happy. Since fashion trends and innovations keep on coming, he feels difficult to get satisfied with what he has at present and looks for getting more advanced stuff. 5) Chances to Meet Fraudsters When you were poor, no one was interested in your reserves and bank balance. Now that you have millions of dollars in your account, you are more likely to meet fraudsters and dodges. People may take any approach to grab this money from you. Beside this, chances of being robbed are also increased automatically when you change your lifestyle in a better way. Now, you need security to travel from one place to another and you should keep an eye on persons taking your information smartly. Whether you are buying a new property or changing your home, you can probably meet fraudsters. Since life has changed, you cannot travel without security. Yes, another expense is waiting for you and that is the security expense. A smart financial analyst may make you fool if you do not have proper knowledge of finance. Hiring a lawyer is therefore imperative to resolve complexities. 6) Victim of Jealousy and Envy Having all the luxuries and comforts of life, you are most likely to face jealousy from others. This jealous nature may be experienced even from close relatives. Friends and relatives will start comparing their life with you. Your new sports car will never make others happy. Yes, you will receive comments like spending money for charity is good and so on. This strange reaction from others makes life miserable. No matter how good you are with others, you will encompass envy and jealousy. A colleague doing the same business as yours will definitely compare his life with yours. This jealousy becomes a source of envy and many good friends can turn into foe. It is due to this reason that a rich person has few loyal friends. Some friends are interested in your money while others start developing jealousy with you. STEVE JOBS OPINION ON GETTING RICH The cell phones which we are using these days and the laptops which are helping us in doing business with ease are the greatest contributions of Steve Jobs. In this modern era, every other person is well-aware about his personality and contributions. Having an extraordinary intelligence and creativity, Jobs has earned a lot in his life. People assume that he does not have to deal with any complication and that life brings just happiness. However, his opinion about becoming rich is different. By sharing his personal experience of earning hefty dollars, Jobs thinks that he had earned money not because he wanted to become rich but because of his passion for work. According to Jobs, he started making good dollars at the age of 23 and then his earnings got multiplied greatly. It was not his money that was driving his brain to think creatively but it was his devotion and passion for work. In addition to this, he said that he had no lust for money and because of this reason he had no fear i n trying out new things. If he had love for money, he was unable to invent so many things as there was a risk associated with each of them. CONCLUSION In a nutshell, money is not everything. People think that becoming a millionaire will resolve all their problems but in reality, excess of money puts life in crises. Money brings unanticipated sorrows and troubles that are hard to face and may put life in melancholy. It is a wrong perception that money can make a person happy. Happiness comes with loyal friends and harmony in life, which money cannot bring. Many big shots of the world are deprived of devoted friends and peace. It cannot be denied that material things last for some time. Every asset has depreciation and a time comes when all our possessions lose their original worth. With high class luxuries and top notch lifestyle, you can just have a life of comfort but trustworthy friends and mental peace cannot be achieved with money. Thus, there should be a perfect balance in life. One should not run for earning more and more money. Excess of everything brings adverse impacts and so is the case with money. Having a middle class standard is ideal and keeps oneself motivated towards working hard. Additionally, one should work in a field of life in which he has passion and interest. Steve Jobs life is a perfect example. If the main motive to work is to generate money, then life will eventually become boring. Money is just a part of life but life is not meant to earn money. Even the most precious house can be vanished with natural disasters. If you want to belong among the rich persons of the world, get ready to feel out casted from the society. All in all, the isolating experience, jealousy, hatred, loss of friends, are some of the biggest reality shocks you will face after entering into a rich from medium class. Why Money Can’t Buy Happiness

Advantages Disadvantages of Tourism - 821 Words

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM Advantages 1. Tourism provides foreign exchange (US dollars) which allows: i) The government to pay bills such as: a) Allows government to pay foreign debt. b) Allows the Bahamian dollar to stay on par with the US dollar. c) Allows government to pay the thousands of persons employed in government their monthly salaries. d) Allows government to have money to do road works, school construction and all other governmental works. ii) Allows Bahamians to go shopping abroad to buy goods and send their children to school, as long as the US dollars are floating in the Bahamian economy easily. iii) Foreign Exchange allows for the easy importation of goods and food. 2. Tourism provides†¦show more content†¦iv) It has influenced the rise in crime as more persons become squeezed into smaller living areas, which are densely populated. The crime rate escalates as the persons in the densely populated areas desire to climb out of these areas and obtain the lifestyles of the tourists who look prosperous and the â€Å"other† Bahamians who are enjoying the â€Å"good life†. In order to obtain the â€Å"American Dream† as seen by the tourists who come to the Bahamas, some factions of the Bahamian youth turn to selling drugs, prostitution, gangs (which give them the perception of power) and ultimately taking drugs. The desire to become wealthy quickly then causes a proliferation of the drug culture. The drug culture negatively affects other factions of the Bahamian populace as it causes an increase in burglaries, rapes, home invasions, murder etc. 7. Some say that Tourism has placed a strain on the water and electrical supplies to Nassau/Paradise Island. BEC and Water and Sewerage have to provide sufficient electrical and water supplies to both Tourists and Bahamians. 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Can Sustainable Energy and Fossil Fuel Co-Exist - 1389 Words

Can Sustainable Energy and Fossil Fuel Co-Exist? In recent years, the question of America’s power source has been the topic on more than a few dinner and boardroom tables across the country. In fact, it is even talked about in the offices of governors and the POTUS. The reason why so many people are raising this question is the rise in petroleum prices and the depletion of natural resources. The rising prices of petroleum is not a new thing; It has happening for decades, but the American people have begun to realize that its dependence on foreign oil has escalated over the years along with the cost of living which brings up the question of money and how to keep more of it in pocket. The argument of finding other ways to keep cars on the road, to keep homes heated in the winter, to keep homes cooled in the summer, planes flying, etc. has made people think outside the box; the â€Å"what if† factor has been slapped on the table along with a few â€Å"can we†, and a couple â€Å"of how comes†. For the most part, a lot of the answers are not new they are old with an added twist to revive them; for example, the wind power was being used by early farmers in the 1800s, steam and solar power had been dated back to the ancient Greeks. With the help of new technologies and studies, these old energy sources are becoming more popular as time goes on. 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Kwanpen Case Study Free Essays

string(48) " Awaken does not have a lot of brand awareness\." Consumer Behavior: Singapore and desire for luxury: Singapore is among the top 10 destinations for luxury brands worldwide (69% of all usury retailers present). Luxury stores are present everywhere in the city more particularly In Orchard Road and shopping centers. Between 2006 and 2010, sales of luxury goods grew by 18% 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Kwanpen Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even if the sales have slowed down during the scrolls of 2009, they rose again In 2010 The luxury goods become more and more popular whatsoever watches, clothes or handbags. One of the mall reasons of this trend Is the growth of high-income households. The annual disposable incomes above US $75,000 increased by 4% between 2006 and 2010, so more Singapore are able to afford luxury goods. On the other hand their awareness to luxury brands (especially European ones) increased significantly. Luxury brands take more and more importance in lifestyle magazines and all others advertising mediums. We know that usually Asian people attach importance to the image. When they buy a product they think about the image returned by this product. Many business men and women, with high Incomes, deal with foreign clients; they want to present a groomed Image. That Is the reason why they are willing to buy luxury products. Other high-income earners In Singapore are the experts. They tend to buy luxury goods and then Influence the local trends and the way Singapore see luxury products. This desire to own luxury brands coupled to high incomes and advertising presence in Medias will maintain and increase the demand for luxury brands. Luxury companies expected to benefit from important sales over the forecast period. However, growth of luxury goods seems not be able to affect non-luxury products, because most Singapore are still prudent with their spending. Why Singapore prefer global brands instead of local brands? 2 â€Å"Rider’s digest trusted brand survey 2008†, 23 April 2011, My Paper According to the newspaper â€Å"My Paper† market survey, 26% of Singapore favor local brands (so 74% favor global brands)2. Even if there are many strong local brands such as Tiger or Singapore Airlines the support of home- growth brands Is very low. So we will try to understand why Singapore have a preference for global brands instead of local brands. The mall reasons that come In mind are that Singapore attach a lot of Importance to their Image. The 2 notions of status and belonging are key points of the Asians consumer behavior. Singapore is a modern society Tanat Keeps peep collectivist relations slantingly. The Singapore society is highly, individuals are strongly sensible of their place thin the group, institution or society as a whole, and their attitude, dress and speech corresponding to their status. They are extremely fussy about the need to keep their dignity. They attach great attention to the choice of products; prices, brand and presentation should reflect its own social status. As to personal appearance, color, material and style of clothing, they must match the social status that defines the age, sex, occupation†¦ Singapore wear luxury goods show to others that you are part of high class. The quality of the product has less importance than the image that the brand will reflect. Awaken has the opposite positioning in Singapore. Belonging It is essential for Asian people to be accepted by his peers and the fear of rejection, exclusion, is intense, creating a need to always be part of the trendy and fashionable group. Singapore have a different approach of buying luxury goods compare to westerns people. They buy this kind of product to be a part of a group, because the trend is to buy western fashion products. It is a consequence of the westernizes. PERSONAL We can compare the Moscow pyramid of the western people and the one of Asian people. It appears that personal need which is very strong in western societies sonnets exist in Asians societies. Status Self-actualization SOCIAL Admiration Affiliation Belonging Prestige Safety PHYSICAL Physiological The statement that Singapore prefer global brands can be contradicted by the fact that there are only a few Singapore brands, so we have the feeling that Singapore do not support their own brands. But in many industries and especially in the fashion industry, local brands suffer from the comparison with global brands. For the case of Awaken it is obvious that the brand is subjected to this specific consumer behavior. But in an other hand Awaken achieved to succeed n Hong Kong, a very similar market than Singapore. We can explain this by many facts. First Awaken is not seen as a local brand in Hong Kong, they overcame the Asian consumer behavior difficulties. We will now explain what the main defaults of the brand which prevent Awaken to succeed in Singapore. Brand equity Obstacles 10 netter unreason ten salmonella’s customer Attlee towards Awaken, lets study the key components of Awakener’s brand equity. Thanks to the brand equity definition, 3 keys have to be taken in considerations: â€Å"The differential effect†, â€Å"the brand knowledge† and â€Å"the consumer response to marketing†. In the luxury market, the differentiation is based on what the brand reflects to the costumer and less on what the product is. Awaken is trying to differentiate himself from his competitors on the product characteristics (handmade, crocodile skin†¦ ). The Awakener’s differentiation strategy is not appropriate with the luxury market where the differentiation is done through the brand image since the quality is implicit. Therefore there is a lack into the Awakener’s brand equity. Since the three keys of the brand equity are pretty linked, the brand knowledge is weakened such as the consumer response to marketing. In order to give some recommendations to Awaken, it’s relevant to focus on the sources of brand equity in order to understand what goes wrong with Awaken. There are three sources of brand equity that are: brand association, brand awareness and brand accessibility The brand awareness is the extent for a customer to recognize a brand and its elements. Awaken does not have a lot of brand awareness. Indeed, as our opinion poll pinpointed only 21% of the people do know that the brand exists. Moreover only 8% of the people recognized the brand logo and 59% did not really like it. Therefore it’s hard to create a favorable attitude toward the brand and receptiveness to the message. The accessibility of the shops reinforces the brand awareness. Accessibility is how easy it is or how easy it seems to be, for customers to interact with and to purchase the brand. In the case of Awaken this component of the brand equity is well done since the number of point of sales correspond to such a product ‘E: one or two maximum in each principle market. This kind of strategy with a very exclusive distribution channel is very efficient especially in the luxury business. However the flags ships are a bit less luxurious and with less mantra than the other brands. For all those reasons, even if the accessibility is a drawback and could be improved. The last source of brand equity is the brand association. Brand association is relative to past experience between the customer and the brand. Product use and advertisement are the basis of this concept. As Awaken is not wildly spread in Singapore and does not do any advertisement, the costumer cannot easily associate the brand to anything. According to our opinion poll, it’s clear that a large majority (79%) of the costumers does not have any mental association for this brand since they don’t know the brand. For those that know the brand (21%) the mental map is as follow: As we can see on the mental map ( appendices B) all the associations that are made with the brand are very material and none is related to brand universe, Which is a basic feature in the luxury market. Now lets consider the uniqueness of the selling proposition that is † fashionable, handmade and high quality crocodile product that last for life†. This positioning is quiet unique and in one hand can be a compelling reason to buy product from the brand but in the other hand in this market it’s debatable whether this proposition is efficient. Indeed, the kind of costumer that buy products for the quality are not focus on fashion and are more likely to appreciate very classic model with a style that will last over the years. Last but not least the colors are too flashy for such a proposition ii a 30 years old woman can appreciate a pink purse but will it be ten same when seen Is pyramid of Awaken. Considering all tense International we can Dull As it appears on the pyramid some part of the pyramid are missing. Therefore we can conclude that the brand has not built a brand image yet. In Singapore their target market is very narrow. Indeed they target people with high incomes that are only looking for quality and don’t care about considerations such as: the image that is shown by the product. In Singapore people buy product to be part of a group and the rich people group like to buy European brands. Therefore the target market is very narrow. Recommendations Awakener’s marketing strategy is not efficient. Gingersnap’s market is a particularly one, as we pointed out in our first part. We do really think that Awaken should first redefine the target. The target is not clear, so the positioning does not match with the target expectations. So the positioning should be created for this specific target. Now, the positioning is focus on the product characteristics. But in a luxury market customers are less likely to buy a product for rational reasons (product’s characteristics) than irrational ones (brand universe). So the key points on which Awaken should work salience, imagery, feelings and resonance, that is to say the missing points of the CUBE pyramid. Nowadays Awaken focus only on the product and the quality, they should develop their brand. The brand is not valuable in Singapore. They do really have to work on the brand equity. The salience can be improved by the communications. As we mentioned Awaken do not use the media and either did not do any advertisements. So our recommendations to fix that would be to launch a communication campaign into specialized Medias, such as fashion magazines (Vogue, Ell†¦ ). We could also imagine exposing Awaken handbags in window-store in luxury hotel halls The biggest obstacle concerning the imagery is that Awaken is not seen as an international luxury brand. As explained before Singapore are more willing to buy global brands products instead of local rand’s especially in the luxury market. Awaken cannot hide its Singapore origin, but the can make the customers forget about it. For instance they should hire western models instead of Asian ones and do brand endorsement with international stars which are particularly famous in Singapore. It will also show that the brand is well- known abroad. According to our opinion poll Awaken has no dominant â€Å"feeling†. They should develop the image of the brand so that they would be able to make the customer have specific feelings when they buy a handbag. The main feelings that must be developed are the social approval feeling that is common to almost all luxury brand and the security feeling to differentiate itself from its competitors. For instance they could associate themselves with a very famous international luxury watch company (as Jaeger Lecture or Role) to make crocodile skin bracelet. Consumer will associate the feelings of security and social approval of the watch brand with Awaken. And it will increase the international image of Awaken. The last feeling that Awaken should work on is the resonance. They should work on the brand universe to increase customer loyalty. Entering Into a Awaken snoop NAS to De a unlike experience. I nee should increase their shop standards. How to cite Kwanpen Case Study, Free Case study samples

Transgenesis and Selective Breeding free essay sample

The relation between humans and genetic manipulation is older than we think. Humans have been manipulating the transfer of genetic information between organisms for over 10. 000 years. The first experiences were with cultivation of grains and domestication of animals. The facilities that these methods bring in order to keep having the necessary stuff for our survival make the humans improve their techniques. Now, with the advances of science, we have some sophisticated ways to make easier get the most wanted kinds of livestock and plants. Selective breeding and transgenesis are examples of popular (and successful) processes involving genetic manipulation in the current context. Transgenic cows Nowadays, with the many abilities of the science, techniques are improving livestock. One of them is the ability to engineer and altered DNA from organisms. These organisms are termed Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and may be modified one of 3 ways: by alteration of existing gene, by deletion of existing gene or by addition of foreign genetic material. We will write a custom essay sample on Transgenesis and Selective Breeding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last one enables the GMO to express the trait coded by the new gene. These organisms are referred to as transgenic. The aims of transgenesis can be for specific economic traits or for disease models (animals genetically manipulated to exhibit disease symptoms so that effective treatment can be studied). The transgenic cows are an example of transgenic animals. As a transgenic animal, the transgenic cows have the extra gene (transgene) present in every  cell, but it’s only expressed in mammary tissue, making the transgenes protein only found and extracted from the cow’s milk. In New Zealand, the AgResearch have been successfully producing transgenic cows that make modified milk or produce therapeutic proteins to treat human diseases. Process Making a transgenic cow is a multi step process. Scientists who produce transgenic cows use a range of techniques including DNA cloning, restriction enzymes, ligation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transformation, nuclear transfer and in vitro embryo production. In New Zealand, AgResearch have been doing diverse researches about transgenic cows. Now, with these, it is possible to simplify the technique to do transgenic cows in 7 steps:   Identification of trait First, the scientists make an analysis in order to solve problems and find the characteristics wanted in the transgenic animal. After decided the kind of livestock required, it is searched where it’s possible to find the transgene and how to align it logically. Step 2: Sourcing the transgene The desired gene sequence is extracted from the source organism’s DNA. The scientists obtain the sequence from a genomic library, that’s a collection of cloned segments of DNA containing at least one copy of every gene from a particular organism. The DNA product contains the organism’s entire DNA sequence, thus it is the desired trait plus the rest of the organism’s DNA. Step 3: Gene Isolation Once the gene has been indentified and located, the scientists need to remove the gene sequence from the rest of the DNA. With restriction enzymes, the DNA is cut leaving a bunch of pieces with varying lengths. One of which is the gene of interest. It will be with sticky ends in order to be easily glued back into a vector. This way, the transgene will have the specifically variant that is needed. Restriction Enzymes come from bacteria and are used as a defence mechanism. When viruses (or other bacteria) attack, bacteria kill them by cutting up in both strands of DNA, at a specific sequence, usually about 4-8 base pairs long. Step 4: Designing and constructing the gene After isolated, the transgene is made modifying parts of the gene. The gene construct is a unit of DNA that includes: A B C D A) A selectable marker gene: Usually an  antibiotic  resistance  gene. This is added in order to select cells that have successfully taken up the gene construct. A promoter sequence: A tissue-specific  promoter  sequence is used to correctly switched the start of expression from the  protein  in cells with appropriate tissue, for example, mammary cells in lactating cows. C) The desired gene D) A terminal sequence: A terminal sequence is needed to signal the cellular machinery that the end of the gene sequence has been reached. It all is connected with a ligation enzyme and mixed. This product is incubated in the water bath at 16 degrees for half an hour. Then, the scientists use the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique that allows scientists to copy and multiply a piece of DNA millions of times. The DNA is heated to 98? C so that is separates into single strands and polymerase enzyme is added to synthesis new DNA strands from supplied nucleotides. Step 5: Transformation into bovine cells The gene construct is incorporated into the  genome  of a cow cell  using a technique called transformation. Transformation involves the delivery of a transgene into the nucleus of a recipient cell and integration into a chromosome so it can be passed onto offspring. Since cows have billions of cells, it would be impossible to insert a copy of the transgene into every cell, so tissue culture techniques must be used. Tissue culture is the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it A bovine cell line is cultured in an incubator. During the transformation, holes are made in the cell  membrane  allowing the DNA to enter. The holes can be made by applying an electrical pulse or by adding chemicals to the cells. Once inside the cell, the gene construct may enter the  nucleus and incorporate into the cell’s genome. That can be done either by using an actual stimulus that interferes with the membrane and allows for a short time for the DNA to enter a cell or just by chemical reactions reagents that again interfere with a membrane that surrounds the cell and then allows temporarily for a DNA molecule to enter. The recipient genome is exposed to the transgenes in hopes that a few of the transgenes will actually be integrated into that recipient genome and then properly expressed. This is a rarely case and that’s why the next step involves selection of cells expressing the transgene. There is also concern that transformation might indirectly after the expression of other genes because of the unpredictable integration of transgene resulting in a toxic phenotype. Transform a bovine cell line is necessary because inject the transgene directly into a cow will only change the somatic cells, and the aim is affect the gametes to pass onto the offspring. Step 6: Selecting for transgene positive cells To know if the gene has successfully incorporated, it is needed to screen the cells. The cells are transferred to a selective growth medium containing an antibiotic or chemical, depending on which selectable marker was used. After the antibiotic or chemical is added, the cells that haven’t taken up the transgene will die. The other will survive because they contain an antibiotic resistance gene, making them resistant. The survivors will divide and form a small colony of identical cells. Then, it’s involved Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to photocopier and runs off a whole lot of copies of the gene in order to visualize that the transgene is actually present. The two strands in the DNA double helix need to be separated in a denaturation, done by raising the temperature of the DNA solution. This causes the hydrogen bonds between the complementary DNA chains to break, and the two strands separate. Next, the temperature is lowered and an enzyme joins free DNA nucleotides together. The order in which these nucleotides are joined to the new strand is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the original DNA strand which is being copied. The result is a double stranded DNA molecule which contains one newly made strand and one original strand. After, the newly created double helix is separated (by heating the solution) and the cycle is repeated. The cells are also tested by Southern Blotting, which includes DNA digestion, gel electrophoresis technique, blotting, probe labelling, hybridization washing and detection. To perform it, the bovine cell DNA is digested by restriction enzymes and run out on a gel. The DNA is denatured into single strand DNA and transferred to a piece of nylon membrane. Then a radioactive DNA probe is made containing the DNA sequence of the transgene of interest. The paper is rinsed with the probe, and if the probe is identical to any DNA sequence on the paper it will bind to it. Finally, the paper is exposed to X-ray film. A band or mark on the film indicates that the gene of interest is integrated into the bovine cell DNA. Step 7: Making a transgenic embryo using nuclear transfer and cloning Nuclear transfer is used to create a whole animal from a single transgenic bovine cell. The generation of a transgenic calf follows the same process as the generation of a cloned calf. Ovaries are collected from cows processed at the local abattoir. Eggs are removed from the ovaries and matured overnight in a special media. The nuclear material is then removed from the egg using a fine glass needle and a single cultured cell (carrying the transgene) is positioned against the cytoplasm of the egg (injection). The transgenic bovine cell is fused with a bovine oocyte (egg). An electrical pulse is applied to help fuse the cells. The reconstruct (egg + fused cell) is then chemically activated and placed into culture for development to begin. Once fused with the oocyte, the transgenic cell’s chromosomes are reprogrammed to direct development into an embryo. After 7 days, the transgenic embryo will become a blastocysts and will have about 150 cells, so they can be transferred into a  recipient  cow for further development to term. If the embryo develops to full term, after 9 months, the cow will give birth to a calf. To confirm that the calf is transgenic, scientists can check using: 1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – PCR can quickly establish whether the transgene is present or absent in the calf’s DNA. 2. Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) – q-PCR is to quantify how many copies of the transgene have been incorporated into the genome of the cell line. The q-PCR machine is a standard PCR but with the incorporation of a fluorescent dye that shows the amplification of the DNA product live on screen as the reaction carries out. 3. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) – FISH is a technique in which include take a biopsy from the animal, grow up cells back into culture, arrest them at metaphase and prepare some slides with those cells. With the slides is possible to probe where the transgene is in the chromosome  and visualize if it has integrated into more than one chromosome. 4. Analysing of protein expressed – When cows are two years old they may have their first calf, this way it is stimulated the lactation and milk production. At this point, the milk can be tested to determine whether transgenic proteins, like casein and myelin basic protein are present. Assuming the transgene has successfully integrated itself into the genome, it will be present in every cell of the animal that develops and will be passed on to following generations through regular sexual reproduction. Implications Interestingly, the creation of transgenic animals has resulted in a good turn of events. Transgenic technology holds great potential in many fields, including agriculture, medicine, and industry. The impact of transgenic animals reaches ecosystems, genetic biodiversity, health and survival of individuals, populations and evolution of populations. Some of the implications of the transgenic process are very important as: Impact over genetic biodiversity, health or survival of individuals and populations Improving livestock and animal health Transgenic technologies could be used to improve animal health by increasing  resistance to diseases. When technology using molecular biology was developed, it became possible to develop traits in animals in a shorter time and with more precision. In addition, scientists can improve the size of livestock genetically. Transgenesis can allow larger herds with specific traits. Improving food quality or making novel food products Improving the quantity or quality of the milk or meat from cows may be of value. For example, milk with extra casein requires less processing to make into cheese and will have increased calcium levels. AgResearch’s first  transgenic  cows had extra bovine kappa casein genes inserted in their  genome. This research proved to the scientists that transgenic technologies could be used to alter milk composition in cows. In the future, modified milk from transgenic cows could be used to benefit animal health, for example, by improving growth and survival of calves, prevent animal diseases, such as mastitis, make milk with human health benefits, assist milk processing into dairy products. Overseas milk or meat products from transgenic animals are not allowed to enter the animal orhuman food supply in New Zealand. Creating therapeutic proteins Transgenic cows can be used as ‘biofactories’ to produce human therapeutic   proteins. Therapeutic proteins are used to treat human diseases and they include hormones, antibodies, vaccines, growth factors and blood clotting factors. In June 2006, the first therapeutic  protein  made in a transgenic animal was approved for use in Europe and the USA. ATryn ®, a human antithrombin protein, is made in transgenic goats. The protein prevents blood clots in patients who don’t make their own version of this protein. Products such as insulin, growth hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors have already been obtained from the milk of transgenic cows too. Research is also underway to manufacture milk through transgenesis for treatment of debilitating diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), hereditary emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. The A. I. Virtanen Institute in Finland produced a calf with a gene that makes the substance that promotes the growth of red cells in humans. Scientists at AgResearch have generated transgenic cows that produce myelin basic protein (MBP) in their milk. MBP is part of the insulating layer that surrounds nerves. In patients with multiple sclerosis, this insulating layer is gradually destroyed, which prevents the nerves from communicating. Treatment with human MBP may help reduce symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Impact over ecosystems In New Zealand, to start a research as the transgenic cows by AgResearch, it is needed to follow strict guidelines for care and containment of the animals. Transgenic  cows are classed as new organisms and are regulated by the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act. The HSNO Act is overseen by the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA provides rules and regulations for introducing any hazardous substances or new organisms to New Zealand. Before any research can be done, an application must be made to  the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). EPA evaluates the benefits and risks of any research and decides whether the work can begin. Anyone can make a submission on an application, which can support it, oppose it or support some parts and oppose others. Applications to EPA can be viewed on the EPA website. Environmental impact ERMA may place restrictions or require certain standards to be followed before giving approval for transgenic research work. For example, the transgenic cows at AgResearch are kept in a special containment facility at Ruakura with restricted access and environmental monitoring. Beyond, transgenic animals cannot leave the facility and the farmers must follow strict rules for waste disposal. The animal containment facility is monitored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) New Zealand. All waste materials from the transgenic cow facility must be disposed of on site. Milk is treated by  fermentation, then diluted and sprayed over the pasture. After consultation with local Maori, it was agreed that all animal carcases would be buried on site. Impact over society Ethical frameworks Ethics is a crucial part of the nature of biotechnology. Transgenic animals can contain genes that would not normally arise through natural genetic variation. In New Zealand, transgenic technologies are highly regulated, with all genetically modified animals being kept in containment. However, using or adapting an animal raises issues about animal welfare, the environment, human health and wellbeing, and society. This issue may be viewed differently by different stakeholder groups according to their cultural, spiritual or religious beliefs and values. As part of the HSNO Act, scientists need to consult with Maori at a local and national level through meetings or  hui. Together, they consider the risks and benefits an application may pose to Maori  culture  or traditional relationships with ancestral lands, water, sites,  wahi tapu, valued  flora  and  fauna  or other  taonga. The ethics thinking tool must be used before any decision is made: Consequences  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what are the benefits and risks? Rights and duties  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what rights need to be protected and who is responsible for this? Autonomy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ should individuals have the right to choose for themselves, or does one decision count for everyone? Virtue  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what is the ‘good’ thing to do? Multiple perspectives  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what perspectives do groups with other cultural, spiritual or religious views have? Ethical concerns must be addressed as the technology grows, including the issue of lab animal welfare. The research must consider all the factors and people involvement to this, never think in the individual but in the society. The future direction of transgenic research will be influenced by ongoing discussion and evaluation of ethical and societal issues that are raised. New Zealanders need to weigh up the risks and benefits associated with transgenic cows and decide what they consider to be acceptable. Selective breeding Selective breeding of animals is a selective mating to increase the possibility of obtaining certain characteristics in the animals in order to get better livestock. The type of mating selected depends on the goals. To produce the kinds of animal they want, breeders have to first understand the animal as a  species, then the animal as genetic individuals. Selective breeding use many techniques as outcrossing, linebreeding, inbreeding and hybrids. The more modern techniques involve a wide variety of laboratory methods, including embryo selection, artificial insemination, cloning and MOET. Traditional techniques: 1. Outcrossing – Mating two animals that are unrelated for at least 4 to 6  generations back is called an outcross. This method works best when the genetic  variation for a trait is high. 2. Linebreeding – Linebreeding involves mating related animals like half-brother/half-sister, cousins,  aunt/nephew,  and other more distant relationships. 3. Inbreeding – This breeding method involved mating directly related animals, like mother/son, father/daughter, and full brother/full sister (full siblings). This method is used generally to create uniformity and prepotency (the ability of this process to continue) and to force out latent weaknesses from the gene pool. First generation cross between two animals that belong to different breeds. Hybrid is process that occurs in nature, particularly in plants. However, humans have learned how to manipulate the genes in a similar way using the same principles. With increased rate of mutations, offspring are selected that contain the genetic variation that suites the desired need. Hybrids contain a unique number of chromosomes when compared to distant relatives of similar genomes. The hybrids then carry traits of both species. 5. Composite – Two hybrids of same breed-combination bred back to each other for generations. Modern techniques: 1. Embryo Selection – Embryo Selection is used to select the best embryos according the livestock wanted. Embryo Selection is crucial in horticulture and agriculture. Sex Selection: Sometimes, one gender tends to be preferred for a specific purpose. Sex selection is vital for the production of offspring. a. Females are useful in commercial purposes eg) ju, dairy cows b. Males that are able to breed with many females to pass on desired traits; expensive if the cows are inseminated. 2. Embryo Manipulation – Embryo Manipulation takes place not long after fertilisation and beginning of the zygote process of mitosis (morula stage). The new cells formed are called blastomeres and they are totipotent from the 4 to 8 cell stage. In this time, scientist can manipulate the embryo in order to get some desired characteristics. 3. Artificial Insemination – Artificial insemination is the artificial introduction of semen from a male with desirable traits into females of the species to produce pregnancy, and is useful because a far larger number of offspring can be produced than would be possible if the animals were traditionally bred. MOET is the production of multiple embryos from a female with desirable traits, which are then implanted in the wombs of other females of the same species. 5. Cloning – Cloning, an asexual method of reproduction, produces an individual with the same genetic material (DNA) as another individual. Animals have been cloned by three processes: embryo splitting, blastomere dispersal, and nuclear transfer. Nuclear transfer is most common and involves enucleating an ovum, or egg, with all the genetic material removed. Implications Selective breeding programmes have resulted in higher yields and better disease resistance. Ultimately, breeding goals are dictated by market demand; however, it is not easy to predict what consumers will want several years in advance. Although it is extremely effective, there are disadvantages to this method. One of these is that for animal breeding to be performed productively, a number of animals must be involved in the process. Another problem is that undesirable traits can also mistakenly be selected for. For this reason, too much inbreeding will produce sickly or unproductive stock, and at times it is useful to breed two entirely different strains with each other. The resulting offspring are usually extremely healthy; this is referred to as hybrid vigor. Usually hybrid vigor is only expressed for a generation or two, but crossbreeding is still a very effective means to combat some of the disadvantages of inbreeding. Another practical disadvantage to selective inbreeding is that the DNA of the parents is altered during the production of eggs and sperm. In order to make eggs and sperm, which are called gametes, a special kind of  cell division  occurs called  meiosis, in which cells divide so that each one has half the normal number of chromosomes (in humans, each sperm and egg contains 23 chromosomes). Before this division occurs, the two pairs of chromosomes wrap around each other, and a phenomenon known as crossing over takes place in which sections of one chromosome will be exchanged with sections of the other chromosome so that new combinations are generated. The problem with crossing over is that some unexpected results can occur. For instance, the offspring of a bull homozygous for two recessive but desirable traits and a cow with normal genes will all have one copy of each recessive gene. But when these offspring produce gametes, one recessive gene may migrate to a different chromosome, so that the two traits no longer appear in one  gamete. Since most genes work in complicity with others to produce a certain trait, this can make the process of animal breeding very slow, and it requires many generations before the desired traits are obtained—if ever. Conclusion The evolution of scientific methods has been contributed lot through time. In the agricultural and horticultural environment, the transgenic and selective breeding methods have been improved livestock and better animal/plant health. Beyond, the researchers can contribute in fields such as medic and industrial. The techniques in both processes stimulate knowledge and improve the technology, resulting in employment and better conditions to the future. However, transgenesis and selective breading involve the manipulation of the natural order, bringing a polemic topic.  But, if the scientists follow the ethic process and rules determinate by superior agencies, always thinking about the society over the individual, they may have good results, supporting the future generations. Therefore, all the opinions about the topic must be discussed and respected.